ВАШИНГТОНСЬКИЙ ТЕАТРАЛЬНИЙ КЛУБ: ПОВЧАЛЬНА ІСТОРІЯ ПРО КУЛЬТУРНІ НОВАЦІЇ І БЮРОКРАТИЧНЕ ВТРУЧАННЯ, 1957–1974

Автор(и)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31500/2309-8813.21.2025.345538

Ключові слова:

Вашингтонський театральний клуб, регіональний театр, культурні новації, бюрократичне втручання, расова інтеграція, американська драма, історія театру

Анотація

У 1957–1974 роки невелика професійна театральна трупа у Вашингтоні, округ Колумбія, поставила дев’яносто спектаклів за участю акторів профспілки та десять позапрофспілкових вистав, серед яких—десять світових прем’єр, чотири американські прем’єри, тридцять прем’єр у Вашингтоні та твори шістдесяти чотирьох драматургів, чиї роботи раніше не ставилися в регіоні. Вашингтонський театральний клуб поставив нові твори кількох провідних англомовних драматургів того часу. Клуб також став майданчиком для молодих акторів, які розпочинали свою кар’єру, з-поміж яких були й ті, хто згодом здобув широку славу на американській сцені та екрані. До моменту закриття клубу його внесок в еволюцію американського регіонального театру виявився набагато значнішим, ніж можна було би припустити, зважаючи на його невеликий розмір.

Театральні ентузіасти Гейзел і Джон Вентворти відкрили Вашингтонський театральний клуб наприкінці 1950-х років. Вони прагнули бачити у Вашингтоні новаторську драму, якої тоді не вистачало. Подружжя створило театр, щоб підтримувати свіжі драматичні форми, презентувати нові ідеї та допомагати молодим драматургам. Їхня діяльність мала дещо богемний характер, часто виходила за межі мейнстриму.

Вентворти розглядали місію свого театру не лише як художню, а й як соціально активістську. Вони прагнули створити якісні постановки, які б грали й дивилися різноманітні актори й глядачі — поза обмеженнями расової сегрегації, що панувала у Вашингтоні того періоду. Від самого початку клуб активно підтримував афроамериканський театр, афроамериканських драматургів і митців.

Історія клубу також є свідченням руйнівної сили бюрократичного та політичного контролю. Протягом усього описуваного періоду Вашингтон залишався під прямим управлінням Конгресу США. Комісари та чиновники, яким Конгрес доручив керувати містом, не несли відповідальності перед його жителями. Зрештою, податковий кодекс, несприятливий для культурних установ, поставив під загрозу існування клубу. Судові рішення були не на його користь, і внаслідок цього клуб мав виплатити непосильний майновий податок. Банки відібрали майно через несплату кредитів.

Злет і занепад Вашингтонського театрального клубу — це повчальна історія про те, що може статися, коли доля спільноти опиняється в руках людей, які не мають з нею жодного зв’язку. Втрата відповідальності здатна породити гноблення, жорстокість і безглуздість.

Біографія автора

Блер А. Рубл

Почесний науковий співробітник Міжнародного центру підтримки науковців імені Вудро Вілсона, США

Посилання

“A Night Off” (1963). Washington Post (April 1).

“A Pair of Premieres” (1969). Washington Post (January 5).

Aikman, Bonnie (1968). “Theater Club Stages Exciting New Work, The Evening Star (Washington) (October 3).

Allen, Henry (1973). “Money Talks,” Washington Post (September 9).

“Amanda” (1962). Washington Post (April 10).

Arnold, Gary (1977). “Movies At the West End Theater,” Washington Post (June 21).

Arnold, Laurence (2011). “Arthur Laurents, Writer of ‘West Side Story’,’Gypsy’ Scripts, Dies at 93,” Bloomberg News (May 5).

“Artists to Talk at Theater Club” (1963). Washington Post (August 4).

“At Theater Club (1962).” Washington Post (August 3).

“Ballad by Brecht” (1963). Washington Post (March 6).

Barron, James (2003). “Paul Zindel Is Dead at 66; Prize-Winning Playwright,” The New York Times (March 29).

Battey, Jean (1962). “Second Ballet Company Budding Here,” Washington Post (April 22).

Battey, Jean (1964a). “Repertory Company Does Closeup Ballet,” Washington Post (March 2).

Battey, Jean (1964b). “The Dance: Two Troupes to Play Washington on Saturday,” Washington Post (March 8).

Battey, Jean (1967). “Theater Club Musical Delights,” Washington Post (July 4).

“Ben’s Gifted Daughter,” (1961). Washington Post (May 21).

Beauchamp, Emerson (1970a). “The King Makes a Lingering Exit,” The Star (Washington) (June 11).

Beauchamp, Emerson (1970b). “’Gamma Rays’: A Striking Effect,” The Evening Star (Washington) (September 24).

Beauchamp, Emerson (1970c). “Well, A Sweet Half Day, Anyhow,” Evening Star (Washington) (November 12).

Berliner, Milton (1972). “A ‘Secret’ You Should Share,” Washington Daily News (June 5).

Bernstein, Adam (2004). “Director Davey Marlin-Jones Dies,” Washington Post (March 4).

Blau, Eleanor (1982). “James Broderick, 55, Actor Was in Brenner and Family,” The New York Times (November 3).

Bowman, LaBarbara (1974). “Arts, Humanities Grants,” Washington Post (April 2).

"‘Brigadoon’ Brought to Lisner” (1966). Washington Post (April 10).

“Brecht Reader” (1963). Washington Post (May 2).

“Bremertown Musicians” (1962). Washington Post (August 26).

Brown, Joe (1987). “A Broadway Baby, If Just for One Night,” Washington Post (August 14).

“Bulletin Board: Beckett Continues, Filmers Meet” (1966). Washington Post (April 17).

Campbell, Robertson (2007). “Michael Shurtleff, Casting Director for Broadway and Hollywood, Dies at 86,” The New York Times (February 12).

“Cancellations” (1969). Washington Post (November 11).

Carmody, John (1987). “The TV Column,” Washington Post (December 28).

“Carrousel” (1973a). Washington Post (April 13).

“Carrousel” (1973b). Washington Post (April 20).

Coe, Richard L. (1959). “Spring Plug for Summer,” Washington Post (March 25).

Coe, Richard L. (1960). “Theater Club Dons ‘Hatful’,” Washington Post (July 22).

Coe, Richard L. (1961a). “Dear World, A Swan Song?” Washington Post (January 26).

Coe, Richard L. (1961b). “A Hideous Fact of Life,” Washington Post (May 4).

Coe, Richard L. (1961c). “The Theater As a Career,” Washington Post (May 17).

Coe, Richard L. (1961d). “Trees Clutter O-St. ‘Forest’,” Washington Post (July 14).

Coe, Richard L. (1961e). “‘J.B.’ Has ‘Em Talking,” Washington Post (November 12).

Coe, Richard L. (1962a). “India’s Idol Is Bust Actor,” Washington Post (April 10).

Coe, Richard L. (1962b) “Splendor Fills Bergman Film,” Washington Post (April 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1962c). “Peck Talks Classification,” Washington Post (May 8).

Coe, Richard L. (1962d). “ART Comes to Rockville,” Washington Post (July 2).

Coe, Richard L. (1962e). “Olney Hits ‘Rhino’s’ Eye,” Washington Post (July 11).

Coe, Richard L. (1963a). “USIA Films Admirable Lot,” Washington Post (February 8).

Coe, Richard L. (1963b). “She Who Gets Slapped,” Washington Post (February 21).

Coe, Richard L. (1963c). “Ear Caught By ‘Brecht’,” Washington Post (February 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1963d). “Lifelike Jets, Robot People,” Washington Post (July 19).

Coe, Richard L. (1963g). “Tough Hides, Inner Bruises,” Washington Post (October 24).

Coe, Richard L. (1965a). “Theater As A Hobby,” Washington Post (March 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1965b). “Convent Days Here Again,” Washington Post (April 8).

Coe, Richard L. (1965). “Theater Club’s ‘The Tempest’,” Washington Post (April 29).

Coe, Richard L. (1965c). “Theater Club Opens Tonight,” Washington Post (October 13).

Coe, Richard L. (1965d). “Theater Club’s Debut,” Washington Post (October 15).

Coe, Richard L. (1966). “‘Born Free’ Is Rare Film,” Washington Post (April 7).

Coe, Richard L. (1967a). “A ‘Fistful’ True Enough,” Washington Post (January 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1968a). “Hughes Once Owned Andes,” Washington Post (July 24).

Coe, Richard L. (1968b). “WCT Accents the New,” Washington Post (September 24).

Coe, Richard L. (1968c). “The Gingham Dog: A Fine Production,” Washington Post (September 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1969a). “Tax Bite Draws Little Reaction,” Washington Post (January 16).

Coe, Richard L. (1969b). “Mayor to Uphold Tradition,” Washington Post (April 10).

Coe, Richard L. (1969e). “National Absorbs Tax,” Washington Post: (November 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1969f). “Nonprofit Art Groups Taxed, Too,” Washington Post December 4).

Coe, Richard L. (1969g). “Porter’s World,” Washington Post (December 18).

Coe, Richard L. (1969h). “Great Promise For The Future,” Washington Post (December 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1970a). “Serenading Louie,” Washington Post (April 2).

Coe, Richard L. (1970b). “The Summer Season in Washington Theater,” Washington Post (May 31).

Coe, Richard L. (1970c). “Gamma Rays,” Washington Post (September 10).

Coe, Richard L. (1970d). “Hothouse ‘Marigolds’,” Washington Post (September 24).

Coe, Richard L. (1970e). “Critic Meets Playwright,” Washington Post (October 4).

Coe, Richard L. (1970f). “Last Days of Isaac,” Washington Post (November 12).

Coe, Richard L. (1970g). “’Max Moth’ at Ford’s Theater,” Washington Post (November 26).

Coe, Richard L. (1970h). “’Max Morath at the Turn of the Century’ returns to Ford’s,” Washington Post (December 10).

Coe, Richard L. (1970i). “The Livelier Theater Arts in Washington,” Washington Post (December 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1971a). “The Monday Night Reading,” Washington Post (February 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1971b). “Theater Club Opening,” Washington Post (September 30).

Coe, Richard L. (1971c). “Andre Tahon’s Puppets at the National Theater,” Washington Post (December 23).

Coe, Richard L. (1972a). “Theater Club’s ‘Lemon Sky’,” Washington Post (January 13).

Coe, Richard L. (1972b). “Washington’s Liveliest Stage Scene,” Washington Post (January 16).

Coe, Richard L. (1972c). “Fresh Images of Two Stars,” Washington Post (May 14).

Coe, Richard L. (1972d). “Hopes of ‘Lady Audley’s Secret’ Revealed,” Washington Post (May 18).

Coe, Richard L. (1972e). “Smiles for ‘Audley’,” Washington Post (May 21).

Coe, Richard L. (1972f). “A Comedy Tonight (All Summer),” Washington Post (June 4).

Coe, Richard L. (1972g). “Washington Theater Club’s Plans,” Washington Post (August 3).

Coe, Richard L. (1972h). “A Taxing Season for the Theater Club,” Washington Post (September 9).

Coe, Richard L. (1972i). “Theater Club Taxes,” Washington Post (September 21).

Coe, Richard L. (1972j).“‘Spread Eagle Papers’,” Washington Post (September 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1972k). “Grants for the Theater,” Washington Post (November 28).

Coe, Richard L. (1973a). “Drama of Character,” Washington Post (January 18).

Coe, Richard L. (1973b). “Arthur Laurents: A Playwright Who Does the Casting,” Washington Post (February 9).

Coe, Richard L. (1973c). “New Producer for Theater Club,” Washington Post (May 30).

Coe, Richard L. (1973d). “Cooperation Among the Theaters,” Washington Post (June 3).

Coe, Richard L. (1973e). “Weighing Some Statistics and Tracing the Winds of Change,” Washington Post (June 24).

Coe, Richard L. (1973f). “Theater Tax Relief,” Washington Post (July 7).

Coe, Richard L. (1973g). “Summer and Smoke,” Washington Post: (July 18).

Coe, Richard L. (1973h). “Theaters Plan to Merge,” Washington Post (October 5).

Coe, Richard L. (1973i). “New Hope for the Theater Club,” Washington Post (November 8).

Coe, Richard L. (1974a). “There is Poetry in ‘Broken Words’,” Washington Post (March 12).

Coe, Richard L. (1974b). “Children’s Theater at the Center: Theater Notes,” Washington Post (June 27).

Coe, Richard L. (1974c). “He’s Hooked on Universality,” Washington Post (July 29).

Coe, Richard L. (1974d). “’The Inner City’: A Superbly Joyful Renovation,” Washington Post (August 30).

Coe, Richard L. (1974e). “Theater,” Washington Post (September 8).

Coe, Richard L. (1977). “An Actors’ Equity Contract That Could Affect Touring Companies,” Washington Post (July 28).

“Collin Wilcox Paxton dies at 74; actress was Mayella in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’” (2009). Los Angeles Times (October 23).

Conroy, Sarah Booth (1986). “John Hillerman: ‘Magnum’s’ Pall Higgins,” Washington Post (June 1).

Crittenden, Annie R. (1973). “Black Theater,” Washington Post (January 14).

Donnelly, Tom (1965). “Life and Death and All That Jazz,” Washington Daily News (October 15).

Donnelly, Tom (1970). “I Can’t Say Much for the Message,” Washington Daily News (November 12).

Donnelly, Tom (1971a). “This Could Be the Finest Flower of May,” The Washington Daily News (September 30).

Donnelly, Tom (1971b). “Things are bad all over,” The Washington Daily News (November 5).

Donnelly, Tom (1973a). “High on Comedy,” Washington Post (February 20).

Donnelly, Tom (1973b). “Theater Journal: Two Views,” Washington Post (May 9).

Ericson, Raymond (1978). “Notes: An Arts Center to Celebrate Charles Ives,” The New York Times (February 19).

“Especially for Children this Week” (1966). Washington Post (April 10).

Evans, David (2008). “George Ryga,” The Canadian Encyclopedia (published online February 7).

“Familiar Profile” (1966). Washington Post (March 29).

“Family Cage” (1962). Washington Post (April 8).

Farrow, Charles (1973). “Washington Theatre Club ‘Snatches the Imagination’,” The Washington Afro-American (January 13).

Fields, Suzanne (1970). “The Washington Theater Club Gets a New Home,” The Washington Star Sunday Magazine (January 11).

Flint, Peter B. (1990). “Anne Revere, 87, Actress, Dies; Was Movie Mother of Many Stars,” The New York Times (December 19).

Fraser, C. Gerald (1989). “Bill Gunn, Playwright and Actor, Dies at 54 on Eve of Play Premier,” The New York Times (April 7).

Gabbett, Harry (1962). “SRO Yields No Dough. Theater Club’s Sexy Farce Is a Hit, but Police Keep Box Office Broke,” Washington Post (July 26).

Galella, Donatella (2019). America in the Round: Capital, Race, and Nation at Washington, D.C.’s Arena Stage (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press).

“Geoffrey Horne Joins ‘Merrily’ Cast” (1981). The New York Times (November 13).

Getlein, Frank (1972). “Pure Victorian Melodrama,” The Evening Star (Washington) (June 1).

Gottfried, Martin (1970). “What Shall It Profit a Theater If…,” The New York Times (August 23).

Gussow, Mel (1996). “Lonne Elder, 69, Pioneering Playwright, Dies,” The New York Times (June 13).

“Grimm – But Happy” (1962). Washington Post (August 17).

Haag, Matthew (2017). “John Hillerman, Snooty Sidekick on ‘Magnum, P.I.,’ Dies at 84,” The New York Times (November 9).

“His pyramid to success. John Hillerman refused to take no for an answer” (1983). Boston Globe (May 5).

Hume, Paul (1969a). “Pianist Adds 3d Dimension,” Washington Post (April 22).

Hume, Paul (1969b). “Symphony Competition,” Washington Post (June 24).

Hume, Paul (1969c). “Concert Presentations Expanding,” Washington Post (October 28).

Hume, Paul (1969d). “A New Sound; a New Audience,” Washington Post (November 21).

Hume, Paul (1970a). “Summer Music Season,” Washington Post (May 19).

Hume, Paul (1970b). “National Symphony’s U.N. Concert,” Washington Post (October 6).

Hume, Paul (1970c). “Varese, Crumb, Bartok,” Washington Post (December 15).

Hume, Paul (1971a). “Elusive Mozart Score,” Washington Post (February 21).

Hume, Paul (1971b). “Theater Chamber Players,” Washington Post (December 14).

Hume, Paul (1973a). “The Message of the Requiem,” Washington Post (January 23).

Hume, Paul (1973b). “Casals and More Casals,” Washington Post (May 8).

Hume, Paul (1973c). “Music, Music,” Washington Post (September 9).

Hume, Paul (1973d). “Chamber Players: Usual Excellence,” Washington Post (October 2).

Jones, William H. (1973). “$300 Million Plan for West End Unveiled,” Washington Post (May 12).

Kerr, Peter (1986). “Adolph Caesar Dies; Acted in ‘Soldier’s Story’,” The New York Times (March 7).

King, Llewellyn (1969). “Another Play Within a Play,” Washington Daily News 161. (January 10).

Kotz, Mary Lynn (1979). “Marvella Bayh: Her story of courage,” Boston Globe (December 9).

Kriegsman, Alam M. (1967). “Albee’s Drama ‘Tiny Alice’ Arrives at the Theater Club,” Washington Post (January 21).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1968). “Engrossing Debut Chamber Concert,” Washington Post (June 12).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1970). “Hazardous Diversification,” Washington Post (May 26).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1971). “Squeals of Approval,” Washington Post (March 25).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1972). “A Blaze of Glory,” Washington Post (December 19).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1973). “Daring and Well Worth It,” Washington Post (May 15).

Kriegsman, Alan M. (1974a). “Passing the Hat,” Washington Post (June 11).

Kriegsman, Alan (1974b). “Rock, Yes; Musical?,” Washington Post (July 17, 1974).

Lardner, James (1979). “Davey Marlin-Jones, Director,” Washington Post (August 5).

Laurie, Jim (1968). “Theater Club Author Seeks Relevance,” Washington Post (September 26).

“Letters to the Editor: Act and the Law” (1962). Washington Post (July 30).

Marlin-Jones, Davey (1967). “Little Theater Club Planning Big,” Washington Post (September 24).

“Marriage on the Rocks” (1968). Washington Post (September 28).

Martin, Judith (1969). “Drama for the Kids,” Washington Post (June 12).

Martin, Judith (1972). “Ethel and Perle,” Washington Post (June 1).

McCorkle, Donald (1969). “Attractive, Unusual,” Washington Post (April 29).

McPherson, William (1961). “Dad Doesn’t Write Her Scripts,” Washington Post (June 9).

“Mother and Daughter” (1962). Washington Post (April 21).

“New O Street Location for ‘Ceremonies’” (1973). Washington Post (February 17).

“News Notes on Dance” (1961). Washington Post (May 7).

“Nixon Dinner” (1970). Washington Post (January 14).

Novick, Jules (1968). “About Love Gone Sour,” The New York Times (October 13).

Novick, Jules (1973). “‘Ecstasy’: The Indian’s Agony,” The New York Times (May 13).

“Off Broadway Play Due for Stage Here” (1961). Washington Post (May 28).

Pagones, John (1963). “Violin Holding Out Against Piano Here,” Washington Post (January 6).

Pietro, Mary Jo Santo (2002). Father Hartke: His Life and Legacy to the American Theater (Washington, Catholic University of America Press).

“Pinter’s ‘Party’ Staged Adroitly at Theater Club” (1966). Washington Post (March 26).

“Places to Take Your Children” (1966). Washington Post (April 17).

Plymouth Theater (1964). “Slow Dance on the Killing Ground,” Playbill (November 30).

Rapaport, Ron (1970). “Art Against Madness,” Washington Post (June 14).

Reed, Rex (2014). “A Provincial Lady: Tyne Daly Shines in Mothers and Sons,” The New York Observer (March 26).

“Regional Theater Is Booming” (1969). Hartford Courant (January 21).

Rice, William (1964). “Youth and New Playwrights Reign at the Theater Club,” Washington Post (August 6).

Rice, William (1964). “Two New Plays Put To a Test,” Washington Post (October 3).

Rice, William (1967a). “‘Killer’ Effective at Club,” Washington Post (March 18).

Rice, William (1967b). “’Eagle’ Harmless in Satiric Thrusts,” Washington Post (May 13).

Rice, William (1967c). “Two New Plays Given Readings at Club,” Washington Post (December 6).

Richards, David (1973a). “The Epic Ache of Rita Joe,” Evening Star-News (Washington) (May 3).

Richards, David (1973b). “T. Williams in a ‘Wild’ Light,” Washington Star-News (June 7).

Richards, David (1974). “Broken Words that Sing,” Star-News (Washington) (March 11).

Rockwell, John (1979). “Leon Fleisher’s Other Careers,” The New York Times (July 22).

“Romney Romp” (1967). Washington Post (May 25).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1972a). “Puppet Theater to Close,” Washington Post (February 3).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1972b). “Two Outdoor Dramas,” Washington Post (June 8).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1972c). “Theater Club Appointments,” Washington Post (September 1).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1972d). “Theater Club Appointments,” Washington Post (September 14).

Rosenfeld, Magan (1972e). “Holiday Puppets,” Washington Post (December 23).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1973a). “Performing Arts Publication,” Washington Post (April 15).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1973b). “Puppeteers’ New ‘Rumpel’,” Washington Post April 16).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1973c). “Washington Theater Club Premiere,” Washington Post (May 3).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1983a). “Theater Company Head Guilty in Bad-Check Case,” Washington Post (April 2).

Rosenfeld, Megan (1983b). “Backstage,” Washington Post (May 30).

Ruble, Blair A. (2020). Proclaiming Presence from the Washington Stage (Washington, D.C.: New Academia Press).

“Sales to Change Uses” (1969). Washington Post (June 14).

“Saturday’s Children Work Hard at Club” (1968). Washington Post (April 28).

“Seasons of Firsts at W.T.C.” (1968). Washington Post (August 25).

Secrest, Meryle (1962a). “Teens Get in the Act,” Washington Post (August 12).

Secrest, Meryle (1962b). “British Troupe is Trigger-Happy,” Washington Post (December 16).

Secrest, Meryle (1970a). “Exit the King,” Washington Post (June 11).

Secrest, Meryle (1970b). “Brown’s Puppet Show,” Washington Post (October 30).

Secrest, Meryle (1970c). “A Fifth of Spread Eagle,” Washington Post (December 15).

“Script-Reading Kickoff Planned by Theater Club” (1967). Washington Post (December 3).

Shales, Tom (1972). “Walton Resigns,” Washington Post (December 9).

Shales, Tom (1973a). “A Theater Fighting Back,” Washington Post (February 3).

Shales, Tom (1973b). “Ecstasy of Rita Joe,” Washington Post (May 3).

Shales, Tom (1973c). “An Acting Indian Chief,” Washington Post (May 10).

Shales, Tom (1973d). “A Dramatic Exit at WTC,” Washington Post (June 30).

Shales, Tom (1974). “Washington Theater Club: Curtain Time?,” Washington Post (June 7).

Simonson, Robert (2007). “Lonny Chapman, Broadway Actor and Theater Leader, Dies at 87, Playbill (October 26).

“Six Plays Still to Go in Tourney” (1961). Washington Post (March 12).

Smyth, Jeannette (1972a). “About This Play … Dear Mom,” Washington Post (January 10).

Smyth, Jeannette (1972b). “Fresh Promise of Success,” Washington Post (June 20).

“‘Son of Spread Eagle’ On Stage” (1967). Washington Post (May 14).

“Special Events for Small Fry” (1964). Washington Post (December 22).

Sullivan, Leo (1957). “Helen Morgan Film Strictly for Film Buffs,” Washington Post (October 4).

Sullivan, Leo (1960). “Theater Club Becomes Showcase for Ionesco,” Washington Post (August 12).

“Table Manners” (1962). Washington Post (April 29).

Taubman, Howard (1961). “Theater: A Preachment on Conformity,” The New York Times (March 8).

“Theater Club A Winner” (1969). Washington Post (April 12).

“Theater Club Announces Plays, Appoints New Artistic Director” (1965). Washington Post (August 8).

“Theater Promptbook” (1968). Washington Post (April 14).

“Theater Seminars Scheduled in La Plata” (1968). Washington Post (June 16).

Todd, Bob (1967). “’My Sweet Charlie’ Is One Sweet Play,” Washington Daily News (October 13).

Trescott, Jacqueline (2002). “Director Steps Toward a National Black Theater,” Washington Post (September 18).

“U.S. Composers Honored” (1970). Washington Post (March 17).

Vigdor, Neil (2021). “Ned Beatty, Actor Known for ‘Network’ and ‘Deliverance,’ Dies at 83,” The New York Times (June 23).

Washington Theater Club Records, 1952-79, Special Collections Research Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.B[ox] 1-76; F[older] 1-1161.

West, Hollie I. (1970). “Jazz Event a ‘Triumph’,” Washington Post (November 18).

West, Hollie I. (1972). “Marshall Hawkins in Concert,” Washington Post (April 12).

“WETA Study of Regional Theaters” (1970). Washington Post (December 21).

Williams, John B. (1972). “It’s Happening in Real Estate: West End: Intown Invitation,” Washington Post (June 24).

Wilson, Lanford (1969). The Gingham Dog (New York: Dramatists Play Service).

Wolff, Geoffrey A. (1966). “Empty Seats Puzzle Club’s Director,” Washington Post (May 22).

Wolfisz, Francine (2015). “Ben Hecht: The Screenwriter and His Tragic Daughter,” The Jewish News (October 29).

Zito, Tom (1970). “The Black Experience,” Washington Post (August 20).

##submission.downloads##

Опубліковано

2025-12-26

Як цитувати

Рубл, Б. А. (2025). ВАШИНГТОНСЬКИЙ ТЕАТРАЛЬНИЙ КЛУБ: ПОВЧАЛЬНА ІСТОРІЯ ПРО КУЛЬТУРНІ НОВАЦІЇ І БЮРОКРАТИЧНЕ ВТРУЧАННЯ, 1957–1974. Збірник наукових праць СУЧАСНЕ МИСТЕЦТВО, (21), 325–352. https://doi.org/10.31500/2309-8813.21.2025.345538

Номер

Розділ

КУЛЬТУРНА СПАДЩИНА ТА ЇЇ АКТУАЛЬНЕ ОСМИСЛЕННЯ